Basalt Fiber (BF) is a new type of inorganic, environmentally friendly and high-performance material. Its color is generally brown and somewhat golden. It is composed of SiO2, Al2O3, CaO , FeO and other oxides, as well as a small amount of impurities. Each component in the fiber has its specific properties. Basalt continuous fiber, as a reinforcing material, not only has good stability, excellent mechanical properties and corrosion resistance, but also has the advantages of good insulation, excellent thermal and sound insulation properties, and good wave transmission properties.
Because the basalt ore itself gives basalt fiber many excellent properties, the basalt fiber itself has high durability and excellent mechanical properties. These advantages are very practical in both military and civilian fields.
At present, fire-proof cloth woven from basalt fiber spinning has been used in the production of flame-retardant and insulating protective clothing and fire-extinguishing blankets. The products are mainly used in fire protection, metallurgy, military industry and other industries. A potential market for basalt fiber is as a replacement for glass fiber. In the field of building reinforcement , the performance of basalt fiber is close to that of carbon fiber, but the price is several times or even dozens of times lower than that of carbon fiber. In domestic civil engineering, it can partially replace the expensive carbon fiber for structural reinforcement, reducing the cost of structural reinforcement projects in China. Dependence on carbon fiber. In terms of composite materials , it can be combined with various resins to form composite materials that can be used as structural materials, such as wind turbine blades, vehicle hull structures, corrosion-resistant and pressure-resistant pipes and storage tanks, and printed circuit board base materials .
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Basalt used in the field of fire protection and insulation is widely distributed in China and is cheap. Its fiber manufacturing cost is low. It has obvious comprehensive advantages over chemical fiber, glass fiber, carbon fiber, etc., and has great substitution potential. It is a high-tech and New products with high added value.
In recent years, green fireproof and thermal insulation materials have gradually attracted people's attention. As a green material, basalt fiber has become the first choice for fire prevention and heat insulation. It has the characteristics of light weight, fire prevention, heat insulation, and beautiful appearance. The basalt fiber composite fireproof and heat-insulating material composed of a basalt fiber fabric layer, a high-temperature-resistant rubber layer, a polyester fiber film layer, a vapor-deposited aluminum reflective layer, and a flame-retardant viscose and Basofil blended fabric layer has good flame-retardant, heat-insulating, and high-temperature resistance. Performance, in high temperature environment, it can absorb part of the heat, have better heat insulation effect, and will not burn. It can play a better protective role and is used in fire protection, petrochemical industry, military and metallurgy and other fields.
According to Qi Fengjie, a professor at the School of Polymer Materials of Northeastern University, fire-resistant cloth made of basalt fiber has high temperature resistance and good heat insulation effect. The temperature resistance can be as high as 650°C and the limiting oxygen index is greater than 68, which is much better than organic fibers such as aramid. , especially suitable for preparing industrial fire curtains. Basalt fiber fireproof cloth will not deform or burst under the action of flame at 1000℃, and the fire resistance time can be maintained at more than 1 hour. It can also play a protective role in environments with moisture, steam, smoke, and chemical gases. In addition, if basalt fiber is blended with other fibers, it can be made into higher-standard flame-retardant fabrics, which have obvious advantages when used in special forces-related equipment.
Judging from the current market application, DuPont's Kevlar, Nomex , and Teflon fibers have been used as the preferred raw materials for fire-proof fabrics abroad. Although the above three raw materials have the properties of resistance to high temperatures and chemical reactions, they are not resistant to high temperatures above 370°C. Carbonization and decomposition will occur. The basalt fiber fireproof cloth is woven from GBF's 7μm~9μm continuous basalt fiber spun yarn, and has been treated with a high-temperature resistant, non-toxic coating. It will not melt, drip or heat shrink, and will not be toxic. Gas exhaust can completely become a powerful alternative to Kevlar,
Nomex , Teflon and other fire-resistant fiber cloths. Basalt fiber is difficult to form and control during the production process, which limits the development of basalt fiber industrial textiles in some fields.
At present, only a few countries in the world, such as Russia, Ukraine, and China, have mastered this production technology. The total output in the world is less than 3,500 tons. After arduous exploration and practice, Chinese companies have overcome the technical difficulties of basalt fiber manufacturing and have begun mass production. Production forms a certain market scale.
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Basalt fiber used in the automotive field not only has high strength, good thermal stability, is not easy to damage the couple, has low wear and stable friction coefficient, but is also affordable. The application of basalt fiber in friction reinforcement materials can not only increase the life of automobile friction materials and increase the use temperature of friction materials, but also solve various unfavorable factors of current friction materials and help solve the thermal decay phenomenon that occurs in traditional automobile brakes. Thereby reducing the occurrence of traffic accidents.
Body made of basalt fiber
The Spanish GALFER company has successfully developed the 1052 series of motorcycle brake pads produced with basalt fiber as the main reinforcing fiber. High-temperature-resistant structures made of basalt fiber are used as friction reinforcement materials for automobile brakes, clutches, etc., which not only assists the high-speed development of automobiles, but also help improve the safety performance of automobiles. Its development has broad market prospects.
As can be seen from the above table, the material density of basalt fiber is moderate, its tensile strength is equivalent to that of glass fiber, and the wear resistance of basalt fiber reinforced friction material is higher than asbestos fiber, steel fiber and glass fiber. Through the performance testing of basalt chopped fiber reinforced brake pads, it is believed that it has the characteristics of stable high-temperature friction coefficient, small thermal decay and low braking noise, and is suitable as the main reinforcing material of friction materials.
Basalt fiber automobile filter materials can filter and separate solid particles in automobile exhaust under high temperature conditions, reducing urban pollution caused by automobile exhaust. Moreover, its filter materials have the advantage of being used under high temperature conditions for a long time while maintaining stable performance. The filter cloth made of continuous basalt fiber in Russia and Ukraine has a mass loss of only 12% of the continuous basalt fiber at a high temperature of 900°C. The application of basalt fiber automotive filter materials meets the requirements of environmental protection in the new century and is also conducive to meeting people's pursuit of high-performance vehicles.
Compared with glass fiber, which is widely used in interior materials, the sound absorption and heat resistance of basalt fiber are much greater than E-glass fiber.
Applying heat-insulating and sound-absorbing basalt fiber materials to automobiles will help improve the sound insulation performance between the automobile and the outside world, and reduce the noise generated by automobile parts. Japan has selected basalt fiber as the best material for the development of automobile mufflers. The annual demand for automobile sound insulation and heat insulation fiber materials is more than 100,000 tons, so basalt fiber has great market development potential in this regard. .
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Used in the field of construction engineering, basalt fiber reinforced concrete is a new concrete composite material formed by mixing basalt continuous fibers or discontinuous fibers into concrete in a reasonable amount and in an appropriate manner. It retains the advantages of high concrete compressive strength and increases Its tensile, wear-resistant and impact-resistant properties play a role in reinforcing, toughening, and extending service life in concrete projects. Basalt fiber is a typical silicate fiber with natural compatibility. It is easily dispersed when mixed with cement concrete and mortar. The volume of freshly mixed basalt fiber concrete is stable and has good workability.
Compared with ordinary concrete, basalt fiber concrete also has superior temperature resistance, shrinkage resistance and corrosion resistance, which is beneficial to improving the durability of concrete projects and expanding the scope of use of concrete. Properly incorporating basalt fiber into concrete can improve the impact resistance of concrete, reduce its brittleness, and improve the mechanical properties of concrete.
The raw materials for producing basalt fiber are obtained from natural volcanic extrusive rocks . The raw materials contain almost no ingredients harmful to human health, which makes the promotion of basalt fiber concrete in the field of construction engineering significant in saving resources and being green and environmentally friendly.
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It is recommended that basalt fiber has excellent thermal protection properties and mechanical properties. However, various data also show that the biggest disadvantage of basalt fiber is that its density is slightly higher than other fibers. Therefore, in the application of basalt, the research and development capabilities and production technology level of basalt fiber should be fully strengthened, and process parameters should be reasonably selected in the design of fabric organization and structure to avoid additional burdens on workers or users due to excessive weight of textiles. Labor load, thus applying basalt fabric with good thermal protection properties to the field of flame retardant protection will also have the effect of making the best use of materials and getting twice the result with half the effort.
High-performance flame-retardant fibers are widely used in high-tech industries, cutting-edge technologies and special equipment fields. However, they are rarely used in industrial and civil fields where market demand is large. The main reason is that they have fewer varieties, higher prices, and poor wearing properties. Difference. The limiting oxygen index of basalt fiber is extremely high, and it is an inorganic fiber. It does not emit harmful gases when burned. However, its price is high and its wearing performance is poor. It can be blended with other fibers to make the blended fabric not only highly flame retardant but also durable. Reduce or even eliminate the emission of harmful gases in combustion reactions. For example, by combining the flame retardancy of basalt fiber with the comfort, moisture absorption and breathability of cotton, and blending it in a certain proportion, it can ensure that the fabric has good flame retardancy and good It not only improves the comfort and environmental protection of the product, but also improves the wearing performance of the product.
As a new type of high-performance fiber, basalt fiber has performance advantages, technical advantages and cost advantages. At present, the research and development level of basalt fiber in my country still lags behind that of developed countries. How to fully transform the three major advantages of basalt fiber requires further improvement and optimization of the performance and production technology of basalt fiber. At the same time, strengthen the surface modification technology of industrial textiles to improve their mechanical properties and environmental anti-aging properties, develop competitive and differentiated new products, broaden the scope of applications, and increase market promotion, so that basalt fiber can be used faster Make better use of its advantages and promote the upgrading of products in related fields.
